> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://agno-v2-service-account.mintlify.site/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Nested Workflow Example

> Use a workflow as a step within another workflow.

Use a workflow as a step within another workflow. This is useful for composing complex workflows from simpler, reusable sub-workflows.

```python nested_workflow.py theme={null}
"""
Nested Workflow Example

This example demonstrates how to use a workflow as a step within another workflow.
This is useful for composing complex workflows from simpler, reusable sub-workflows.

In this example:
- We create an "inner" workflow that performs a simple research task
- We create an "outer" workflow that uses the inner workflow as one of its steps
- The outer workflow orchestrates multiple steps including the nested workflow
"""

from agno.agent import Agent
from agno.db.postgres import PostgresDb
from agno.models.openai import OpenAIResponses
from agno.workflow.step import Step
from agno.workflow.types import StepInput, StepOutput
from agno.workflow.workflow import Workflow


def create_summary(step_input: StepInput) -> StepOutput:
    """A simple function step that summarizes the previous step's output"""
    previous_content = step_input.get_last_step_content()
    summary = (
        f"Summary of research:\n{previous_content[:500]}..."
        if previous_content
        else "No content to summarize"
    )
    return StepOutput(content=summary)


# Create a simple inner workflow that does research
research_agent = Agent(
    name="Research Agent",
    model=OpenAIResponses(id="gpt-5.4"),
    instructions="You are a research assistant. Provide concise, factual information.",
)

inner_workflow = Workflow(
    name="Research Workflow",
    description="A simple workflow that researches a topic",
    steps=[
        Step(name="research", agent=research_agent),
        Step(name="summary", executor=create_summary),
    ],
)

# Create the outer workflow that uses the inner workflow as a step
writer_agent = Agent(
    name="Writer Agent",
    model=OpenAIResponses(id="gpt-5.4"),
    instructions="You are a professional writer. Take the research provided and write a polished article.",
)

outer_workflow = Workflow(
    name="Research and Write Workflow",
    description="A workflow that researches a topic and then writes about it",
    steps=[
        # Use the inner workflow as a step
        Step(name="research_phase", workflow=inner_workflow),
        # Then write based on the research
        Step(name="writing_phase", agent=writer_agent),
    ],
    db=PostgresDb(db_url="postgresql+psycopg://ai:ai@localhost:5532/ai"),
)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Run the outer workflow
    print("Running nested workflow example...")
    print("=" * 50)

    result = outer_workflow.print_response(
        input="Tell me about the history of artificial intelligence",
        stream=True,
        stream_events=True,
    )
```

## Run the Example

<Steps>
  <Snippet file="create-venv-step.mdx" />

  <Step title="Install dependencies">
    ```bash theme={null}
    uv pip install -U agno fastapi openai psycopg-binary sqlalchemy
    ```
  </Step>

  <Step title="Export your OpenAI API key">
    <CodeGroup>
      ```bash Mac/Linux theme={null}
      export OPENAI_API_KEY="your_openai_api_key_here"
      ```

      ```bash Windows theme={null}
      $Env:OPENAI_API_KEY="your_openai_api_key_here"
      ```
    </CodeGroup>
  </Step>

  <Snippet file="run-pgvector-step.mdx" />

  <Step title="Run the example">
    Save the code above as `nested_workflow.py`, then run:

    ```bash theme={null}
    python nested_workflow.py
    ```
  </Step>
</Steps>

Full source: [cookbook/04\_workflows/06\_advanced\_concepts/workflow\_as\_a\_step/nested\_workflow.py](https://github.com/agno-agi/agno/blob/main/cookbook/04_workflows/06_advanced_concepts/workflow_as_a_step/nested_workflow.py)